It includes an optional beaker of water between the reactants and the heat. The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus for applying energy to chemical reactions. This technique is useful for performing chemical reactions under controlled conditions that require substantial time for completion. The constant boiling action also serves to continuously mix the solution, although a magnetic stirring rod mechanism is often used to achieve a uniform solution. By careful choice of solvent, one can control the temperature within a very narrow range. In addition, as a given solvent will always boil at a certain temperature, one can be sure that the reaction will proceed at a constant temperature.
The advantage of this technique is that it can be left for a long period of time without the need to add more solvent or fear of the reaction vessel boiling dry as any vapour is immediately condensed in the condenser. The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated temperature (i.e. The vessel is then heated vigorously for the course of the reaction. This vessel is connected to a Liebig condenser, such that any vapours given off are cooled back to liquid, and fall back into the reaction vessel. Laboratory reflux apparatus for adding energy to a chemical reactionĪ liquid reaction mixture is placed in a vessel open only at the top.
There are other drugs used as oral mucosal protective agents and will micin complexation with the formation of a protective film to shield the gastric mucosa from bile injury. In the first method, oral administration of drugs will help control the situation by inhibiting the gastric motility drugs bile reflux into the stomach and the common ones used are domperidone. Its treatment is a bit complicated but more effective. There are also physical injuries that are caused by radiation therapy, which can also result to this disease as well as hyper-acidity, too much use of alcohol and allergies to some types of foods. Other main causes of the disease include gastroesophageal reflux disease and chemical injury by solutions that are either alkaline or acidic even though this is common among small children and adults trying to commit suicide by drinking caustic substances. These conditions are usually very difficult to distinguish between them and endoscopy is used for distinction purposes. The disease can be caused by different infections, which include candida, viral, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus. For grade C mucosal break, it is continuous between more than two mucosal folds while grade D mucosal break covers over 75% of the oesophageal circumference. Grade A mucosal break is 5mm in length and does not exceed that while grade B mucosal break is 5mm and above in length. It is graded on a scale of A to D and differs in size. LA simply stands for Los Angeles and is a classification system used to diagnose the extent of esophagitis. LA grade B reflux esophagitis is a disease that leads to the inflammation of the oesophagus and it can be either chronic or acute.
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